Gravity-flap, savonius-type wind turbine device

ABSTRACT

A wind turbine devices comprises a vertically rotating shaft; and a plurality of horizontally disposed, box-shaped wind catchment vanes connected about the shaft, each vane having an open front face to catch wind flow and a lightweight flap on their rear face that closes when acted upon by wind force to rotate the vane about the shaft. When the latter flap opens, wind spills through the vane thus increasing efficiency.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of wind turbine devices, particularly those having a vertical axis of rotation. More particularly, the present invention relates to a Savonius-type, wind turbine device having a plurality of horizontally disposed, wind catchment vanes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Current Standard Wind Power Generators (ERDA-NASA)

The contemporary “industry gold standard” for the wind generation of electricity is a propeller design with a directional mechanism to keep it facing the wind-sometimes called an ERDA-NASA design. Over time, a number of serious drawbacks and disadvantages of this design have emerged which imply that this design may not be the best way to meet the challenge of a rapidly accelerating demand for electrical power. These deficiencies include the following:

a. While thought to be more efficient than its known alternatives mostly because of its high “tip-speed ratio” (explained below), the ERDA-NASA design may not derive sufficient power from the wind to make it particularly cost-effective in the long run. It has been estimated that generating enough power for a single residential dwelling may require a propeller at least 25 feet in diameter. Other estimates suggest that very large diameter designs, from 125-200 feet, may be needed to achieve outputs in the 100 kilowatts-1000 kilowatts range. As size increases, production, installation, and maintenance costs rise very quickly. Also, given the higher stresses encountered with large, heavy units, failure rates rise making total replacement costs more likely. In addition, the efficient utilization of wind power by an ERDA-NASA unit requires supplementary control mechanisms for: turning (or orienting) the unit; feathering its blades; and overspeed braking in high winds. These control mechanisms use energy to operate—thus decreasing efficiency and further complicating design and production/maintenance costs. Units must be spaced apart roughly 10 times the rotor diameter to avoid turbulent interference with each other. Consequently, wind farms will occupy considerable acreage for a sizeable number of units. For example, one estimate requires 90 square miles for propellers 125 feet in diameter to produce 100 megawatts. Thus, for any proposed wind farm site, it remains a serious question whether ERDA-NASA units are economically feasible.

b. Safety considerations are also a factor. The higher tip speeds of today's propellers and greater dynamic strains and stresses on the materials used to make same all contribute to metal fatigue, increasing the risk of catastrophic failures. In addition, there are already abundant concerns about the detrimental effects on wildlife, especially birds and migratory fowl and raptors. ERDA-NASA units located near dwellings, or on the tops of tall buildings, also pose potentially serious hazards to human and animal life as well as to property. The tops of tall buildings are ideal sites for wind generators since wind speeds are proportionally greater at higher altitudes. In addition, the desire to develop “green” buildings gives ample motivation for incorporating rooftop wind generators into future architectural plans. Unfortunately, ERDA-NASA generators may not be the best answer because of safety issues alone.

c. ERDA-NASA units are not able to utilize wind power efficiently over a wide range of wind speeds. Current models of the ERDA-NASA wind turbines typically operate at a preferred constant wind speed of 40 rpm in a range between 6 and 60 mph. The propeller blades are feathered to prevent damage in high winds (i.e., above 60 mph). Consequently, there are significant energy losses at speeds in excess of 18 mph because the propeller blades feather to maintain a preferred constant rotation at 40 rpm. There are also significant energy losses at wind speeds less than 18 mph because generator changes (changes in load) must be made to keep that constant 40 rpm rotation. As wind speeds are highly variable, having such a narrow window of optimal wind velocities decreases expected efficiency.

d. High variation in wind speeds is not the only problem. The direction of wind current is itself in constant flux and unpredictable, especially in a small region over periods of great turbulence. Efficient wind turbines must be able to rapidly adjust to sudden directional changes over a full range, i.e., 360 degrees. Today's ERDA-NASA devices gradually reposition to take account of directional fluctuations, but by no means exhibit quick responsiveness to such directional changes.

e. Some wind generators have better applicability in smaller locations with lower electrical power demands. Individual dwellings, recreational vehicles, or marine uses may not readily accommodate smaller scale ERDA-NASA generators in terms of available physical space, safety and/or aesthetics.

Because of these disadvantages, alternatives to today's ERDA-NASA type generators should be sought for addressing the aforementioned problems.

2. Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines

Numerous patents have been granted in a category of wind turbines called “vertical-axis” turbines. These turbines are so-named because they have vanes or blades displayed outward from a vertically mounted, central axis, contrary to the horizontal axis of rotation for ERDA-NASA generators. The type of device installed on many home rooftops to improve attic air circulation is a good example of a vertical-axis turbine. An anemometer is another. An immediate advantage of such devices is that they need not be rotated to always face the wind. Whatever direction the wind comes from, these devices can immediately absorb wind energy and convert it to rotational power. Such devices are sometimes technically described as having their axis of rotation transverse to the flow of fluid medium.

Previous designs of vertical axis windmills generally fall into two categories, the Darrieus rotor and Savonius rotor types. Many variations of the two have been designed over the years.

Darrieus-Type Wind Turbines

One category of vertical-axis wind turbines is based on the original Darrieus device (U.S. Pat. No. 1,835,018). A traditional Darrieus rotor is essentially two or more long thin blades with their ends connected at the top and bottom to a vertically rotating shaft. The cross-section of long blades has an airfoil shape, and this aerodynamic feature provides the transformation of wind flow energy into rotational energy. Since the original Darrieus design, numerous devices have attempted to utilize aerodynamic thrust as the driving force for wind turbines.

Darrieus-type turbines suffer from several disadvantages. Many, especially those closely based on the original, are not self-starting. They require an auxiliary power source to reach operational speeds. Darrieus turbines have an outside rotor speed of 4 to 6 times the wind speed. Thus, in winds of 25 mph, the exposed knife blade-like rotors will be traveling in excess of 100 mph. Such an arrangement is hardly “avian friendly,” and indeed might pose extreme hazards to life and property. Moreover, efficiency of the original Darrieus design has been estimated to be only 30% to 40%. While alternative designs have meant to address some of these shortcomings, it is unlikely that any Darrieus-type design that depends on converting aerodynamic thrust to rotational energy will significantly improve these efficiency issues. The size of Darrieus-type turbines that could produce economically feasible capacities of electricity would have to be quite large posing other challenges to construction, cost-effectiveness and aesthetics.

Savonius-Type Wind Turbines

The original Savonius wind turbine, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 1,697,574, was essentially a pair of opposing concave vanes rotating around a central vertical axis. The classic Savonius rotors are open in the center and permit crossing fluid flow in an S-shape, past the inner edges of these rotating vanes. Later wind turbine designs have increased the number of vanes, attached vanes directly to the central shaft or other blades to prevent crossing fluid flow, and/or incorporated fixed vanes (or “stators”) that do not rotate but serve to advantageously direct wind towards the rotating vanes. Some designs have added rotating housings that orient to the direction of wind for permiting wind flow only to those vanes presenting concave surfaces and deflecting wind away from the vanes returning upwind. These housings were meant to increase overall efficiencies. Still other designs have included complex mechanisms for rotating or modifying the vanes when moving toward the wind so as to reduce resistance and improve efficiency. All such innovations share one common essential with the original Savonius patent: they all depend on the fact that wind force applied to a rigid concave surface is greater than the same or lower wind force (or static wind resistance) applied to a physically connected, yet opposed rigid convex surface. This is evidenced in the operation of a simple anemometer. The concave cup surface facing the wind will capture more wind power than the other cups presenting their back convex surfaces causing the anemometer to rotate. As this is the essential energy transformation feature in all such designs, they will all be included in the category of “Savonius-type” designs for present discussion purposes.

Due to this common design feature, most Savonius-type devices share a major disadvantage of energy loss from “drag.” Drag is the resistance resulting from moving a rigid surface against the wind or fluid medium. Because all of the vanes are surrounded by air when rotating, there is constant drag that resists their movement even against the convex backs of downwind vanes moving away from the wind. When vanes are moving upwind and presenting their rear convex surface to the wind, the effect of drag is amplified by the added applied force of the wind. The existence of drag considerably reduces the efficiency of this type of wind generator.

As noted above, ingenious devices have been designed to compensate for drag. These devices may incorporate “stators” (stationary vanes arranged symmetrically around the rotor) to: (a) funnel wind flow into the vanes moving downwind; and (b) deflect wind flow from vanes moving upwind. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,740,989. This can improve efficiency by decreasing the amplification effect of drag caused by wind forces acting on the vanes rotating upwind. Rotating housings that orient to the direction of the wind accomplish the same thing permitting wind flow only to the vanes moving downwind. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,385. However, these designs do nothing to eliminate or diminish the basic form of drag. Motion of the convex surfaces of the rigid rotating vanes against even stationary air in a stator- or housing-protected rotor still produces drag, thus decreasing efficiency. Further ingenuity has produced devices with complex mechanisms that decrease the surface area of vanes not moving downwind. See generally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,494,007 and 7,094,017. Notable among these are opening and closing “clam-shell” designs, which open to catch the wind in a downwind course before closing to present less surface area during the rest of the rotation. (For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,682,302). Similar to these are the “sail-furling” devices with vanes made of sail cloth. They are intended to open downwind, but quickly furl or fold for the other part of rotation as per U.S. Pat. No. 6,655,916. See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,642,983. These latter devices seem to effectively address the problem of drag, but at a cost. Rotational energy, or some other energy source, must be spent to operate these opening and closing mechanisms thereby compromising the efficiency of such devices. This is especially true when those devices add a wind direction sensor for synchronizing changes to the shapes of their vanes. It is doubtful that such complex drag-compensating innovations produce an overall increase in efficiency. Intuitively, it should require more energy to modify vane shapes by complex and/or synchronized mechanical means than would be gained through drag reduction. In any case, such complex mechanisms add greatly to manufacturing and maintenance costs in any commercial application.

Another serious disadvantage of the stator and protective-housing Savonius designs is the threat they pose to birds. The rotating vanes usually require minimal clearance between the edges of their stationary wind deflecting panels and vanes, creating a drastic sheering effect. From a bird's perspective, it would be as if someone had constructed a huge “meat grinder” in its path. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,149, 6,740,989 and 6,849,964. A rotating housing design offers a less severe sheer factor, but can still trap birds in its rotor mechanism with little chance of passing through unscathed.

G. J. M. Darrieus, the inventor of the rotor discussed above, was among the first to note how the Savonius rotor suffers from a relatively lower, less efficient “tip speed ratio.” At best, the furthest outside section (i,e., part of the rotor furthest from the vertical axis of rotation) for a Savonius device cannot exceed the speed of ambient wind flow. This means that they have a maximal tip speed ratio of 1:1 as compared to the ERDA-NASA or Darrieus rotor tip speed ratios of 3:1 or higher. Higher tip speed ratios and rotation speeds allegedly make the latter turbines more suitable for the efficient production of electricity. This serious deficit of the Savonius design, together with ther problems with drag, have been used to condemn such devices as impractical for purposes of serious power generation.

3. Gravity-Flap Savonius-Type Wind Turbines

Compounding the above considerations produces a knockdown argument against Savonius-type turbines. However, recent innovations in two Savonius-type wind turbines make possible a design that may be able to address many of the above objections. The newer category makes use of large “flaps” held in a downward position by gravity to capture wind force. To be termed “gravity-flap Savonius wind turbines” in the present invention, they are shown and disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,037 and Published U.S. Application No. 20040086373. The basic principle of these devices is that gravity and the force of the wind will cause a rectangular vane, hinged at the top, to naturally swing down. A frame or stopping mechanism blocks that vane from moving further when wind force pushes against the vane thereby providing a driving power to the rotor. This vane is made of lightweight material, however. When it rotates further so that its front face is no longer affected by the wind force, the vane is not blocked in that range of pivoting and can swivel up on its hinge to permit air to flow through. When the vane encounters air resistance on its rear surface, it pivots up and allows air or wind to pass by unimpeded. This greatly reduces drag resistance even in static air. When the vane travels through the upwind cycle, the wind force acting on it can raise the vane even further, allowing more wind to spill through and further increasing turbine efficiency.

The inventor of latter published U.S. application has intuited something important about utilizing wind power. That disclosure includes a detailed assessment of the amount of wind force that may be captured and converted to torque at the axis-hub. Using reasonable estimates and calculations, the inventor opines that “incredible forces” may be generated by such a device and the “leverage principle” it incorporates. What is lacking beyond one brief reference to how much horsepower an ERDA-NASA generator requires to produce a certain amount of electricity, however, is a detailed comparison to see how that prior art gravity-flap Savonius design stacks up against a comparable ERDA-NASA turbine. The omission of such a comparison is understandable since it is hard to see on what basis the two can be compared. Many Savonius-type devices have been invented, all flying in the face of traditional considerations of efficiency that condemn them as immediately stillborn. Hence, the question arises why there has been such stubborn persistence in improving such devices. A possible answer is that most Savonius-type inventors have shared the same belief that, in some way, Savonius-type wind turbines more successfully extract wind energy than their Darrieus or horizontal-axis turbine counterparts. The question remains whether this bare, unexpressed intuition can be articulated in such a manner to show that it is not only plausible, but true.

4. Wind Energy Extraction-Effectiveness vs. Efficiency

Some effort along these lines will now be made to conceptualize a basis for an energy-extraction comparison of Savonius-type wind turbines with horizontal-axis, particularly ERDA-NASA, wind turbines. This will take the form of a thought experiment.

Suppose we are considering an arbitrarily selected vertical square plane 100 ft.×100 ft., aligned transverse to the wind. The area ofthis hypothetical square area is 10,000 sq. ft. The amount of wind force varies according to altitude, drag coefficient, wind velocity squared, and surface area impacted. If we assume a sea level application with the value 0.0034, a drag coefficient of 1.5, and a wind velocity of 10 knots, the force of the wind over the 10,000 sq. ft. area is:

F _(w)=0.0034×1.5×(10)²×10,000=5100 pounds of wind force.

Given an ideal wind turbine in some possible world, all 5100 pounds would be capturable and translated into rotational energy. Of course, such a turbine cannot exist in our world. At best, any real Savonius-type vertical-axis turbine can present no more than 50% of its transverse plane surface to the wind as a “working” surface—i.e., a surface capable of extracting wind energy. And only the surfaces of rotor vanes moving downwind (roughly half of the vanes employed) will capture wind energy. In practice, given the need for vane clearances and other structures, this capture area will be much less than 50%. So, let us suppose we construct a hypothetical Savonius-type turbine for the 100 ft.×100 ft. square that presents only 35% of its surface in the square as a “capture” area. That is, only 35% of the total 10,000 sq. ft. area consists of downwind moving vane surface area capable of extracting wind energy. Then, even if the working surfaces were 100% efficient, the maximum wind force the turbine could capture in principle would be 35% of 5100 pounds, or 1785 pounds. In practice, vertical axis turbines are thought to be very inefficient. “Efficiency” is here defined in the standard way: how much total wind energy impacting the turbine's working surfaces gets transformed into rotational energy. Let us suppose our hypothetical Savonius-type wind turbine makes a poor showing in this regard and is only 20% efficient. It will only capture 20% of the 1785 pounds impacting its vane surfaces for a final total of 357 pounds. Out of a total possible of 5100 pounds striking the 10,000 sq. ft. area, the hypothetical turbine extracts only 357 pounds or 7% total. So far, that doesn't sound promising.

How does it compare with an ERDA-NASA propeller turbine? First, let us ask the more specific question: “How large a propeller would we need in an ERDA-NASA turbine to capture the same amount of wind force, 357 pounds?” Assume we have a turbine with an unrealistically high efficiency rating of 80%. To then capture 357 pounds of wind force, the propeller would need a total working or capture surface area of 357/0.80=446.25 sq. ft. There are three blades to each propeller, so the capture surface area of each propeller would be 446.25/3=148.75 sq. ft. Making the comparison work even more favorably to the ERDA-NASA unit, let us assume that the three propeller blades are not feathered and that each blade has an overall average width of 2 ft. In that case, each blade is a little over 74 ft. long. At this point, we encounter a serious conceptual problem with the initial attempt at comparison. The blade is approximately the radius of a circular area swept by the propeller. So, if a propeller has a radius of 74 ft., the circular area it sweeps out is around 17, 203 sq. ft. Unfortunately, that is a much larger area than the hypothetical 10,000 sq. ft. we're assuming for the comparison basis. The conclusion we are driven to given initial assumptions is that one cannot possibly construct an ERDA-NASA propeller capable of extracting the same amount of energy as the hypothetical Savonius-type turbine in any given area transverse to the wind.

Is it possible to manipulate the figures even more favorable to an ERDA-NASA propeller for achieving some basis of comparison? To cut to the chase, let us first calculate what maximum size ERDA-NASA propeller could be fit into a 10,000 sq. ft. area. Neglecting the need for a supporting tower or any other structures or components (such as the central hub), a 10,000 sq. ft. circular area has a radius of approximately 56.42 ft. Assume then, that each propeller blade has a length of 56.5 ft. Furthermore, let's give each such propeller an (unrealistic) efficiency rating of 90%. Then, to capture the same 357 pounds of wind force, the working surface area of the propeller would need to be 357/0.90=396 sq. ft. Each of the three blades would, therefore, need to have a surface area of 396/3=132 sq. ft. For a surface area of 132 sq. ft. from a propeller blade 56.5 ft. in length, the average width of each blade would need to be 2.34 ft. and completely unfeathered at all wind speeds. These proportions are at least feasible, even if the other conditions are not. Thus, if we make a comparison with ERDA-NASA wind turbines based on several unrealistic assumptions in their favor, it would still seem to require ERDA-NASA propeller blades almost 60 ft. in length and roughly 2.34 ft. in average width, much wider than normal for this kind of generator.

For another, more realistic comparison, let us suppose that a Savonius-type wind turbine actually presents 40% of its surfaces as wind energy capturing surfaces, a percentage that seems easily achievable. Further, suppose that the hypothetical generator is capable of achieving 30% efficiency. Under these still modest assumptions, the total wind energy extracted would be 5100 pounds×40%×30% or 612 total pounds. Further suppose that the ERDA-NASA turbine efficiency is a more realistic (but still generous) 60%. In that case, the working surface area of the propeller, to capture the identical 612 pounds, would need to be 612/0.60=1,020 sq. ft. Each of the three blades would have an area of 1,020/3=340 sq. ft. As it is unrealistic to assume that these propellers have no support structure, let's suppose at least 20% (or 2,000 sq. ft., a still modest estimate) of the total 10,000 sq. ft. transverse area of the turbine is committed to area occupied by the support tower and/or other auxiliary structures. Then, a propeller swept, circular area of 8,000 sq. ft. would need a radius of approximately 50.5 ft. Assuming this as the maximum blade length and given the single blade area of 340 sq. ft., each blade would then have an average width of almost 7 ft., always unfeathered, all of which is absurd given today's conventional ERDA-NASA designs.

What the above comparison illustrates is that the current designs of ERDA-NASA wind turbines, with their relatively narrow, tapered, and often feathered blades, cannot hope to present sufficient energy-capturing surfaces to the wind to compete with Savonius-type turbines. ERDA-NASA turbines would need to undergo significant redesign, greatly increasing blade area through much wider blades, in order to compete with the wind energy extraction capabilities of known Savonius-type turbines. The essential point is that while the aerodynamic properties of ERDA-NASA turbines permit them to achieve higher tip-speed ratios, they do so only after sacrificing a vast amount of available wind energy that flows through their rotors untapped. Savonius-type wind turbines present a far greater surface area—a differential of several magnitudes—for wind energy capture than ERDA-NASA wind turbines of any reasonably comparable size. The implication of this disparity in wind energy capture potential is that even less efficient Savonius-type turbines will always beat out highly efficient ERDA-NASA turbines in terms of total wind energy harnessed. This startling comparison suggests that methods of wind generator choice need to consider more than claimed efficiency ratings. Perhaps a new rating along the lines of “effectiveness of fluid energy extraction” would be more suitable. Efficiency of a device, as typically calculated, is only one measure of the effective transference of available wind energy into rotational mechanical energy. In terms of the generation of electrical or pumping energy, it may be the least important. Given that Savonius-type generators could capture more energy than ERDA-NASA generators, easily by a factor of 10, then even the loss of some of that energy through transmission devices to yield higher rotational speeds (thus compensating for lower tip-speed ratios) would still produce greater quantities of electricity.

Gravity-flap Savonius turbines designed with the 40% minimum working surface of the hypothetical example and with the flap mechanism, purport to yield higher efficiencies than the assumed 30%. Thus, in terms of the effective and efficient capture of wind energy, this type of turbine could be highly superior to ERDA-NASA turbines in principle. The ultimate goal in the wind generation of power should be to harvest the maximum possible wind energy available in a given three-dimensional space containing wind flow. ERDA-NASA turbines are simply not designed with that objective in mind.

Unfortunately, the two gravity-flap turbines discussed above, U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,037 and Published Application No. 20040086373, also suffer from a feature making them seriously less efficient in capturing wind energy. The main problem with their design is that their gravity-flap vanes are exposed, flat planes. Significant amounts of wind force striking the surface can flow laterally off the vane and past their vane edges. Only a small portion of the wind energy available in striking the vanes would be captured by such designs in contrast with a standard “cup” design which limits lateral wind flow. The assumption made by inventors of those devices is that wind forces impacting their respective vanes will strike them with full force and be fully captured. In reality, as in any fluid flow system, blocked vanes will only serve as an obstacle causing a diversion of flow around them. The diverted fluid flow will carry away with it much of the contained fluid flow energy. Thus, instead of the high energy-capturing efficiency assumed by the inventors of these gravity-flap devices, the more realistic expectation should be that the devices will have energy-capturing efficiencies that are much lower. Only if one can trap the fluid flow and prevent lateral flow around the vane can one hope to have significant proportions of the fluid energy transferred into a catchment vane.

Downwind moving, Savonius-type vanes do provide means for trapping fluid flow energy and more effectively capturing the wind energy impinging on their concave working surfaces. The wind cannot readily flow sideways but must deliver more of its energy into the vane surface. The concave surfaces of a Savonius-type vane prevent the easy lateral flow of wind around them. Roughly, the more concave the surface, the more energy that is not lost to lateral flow and instead gets transferred into the vanes as rotational energy. Of course, as seen above, Savonius-type turbines with rigid rotor vanes suffer from drag resistance on all but the downwind part of the cycle (and perhaps even there in principle). There is thus a need for a wind turbine able to capture wind energy as effectively as a Savonius-type wind turbine, with concave surfaces restricting lateral flow, that can achieve greater efficiency by use of a gravity-flap system for overcoming drag resistance.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention combines a Savonius-type design with a gravity-flap design for harnessing wind energy effectively and efficiently. To achieve this, it uses a plurality of roughly rectangularly shaped “cup” vanes which more closely resemble “boxes” than “cups.” Each vane has an open side in a vertical plane disposed radially outward from the central vertical axis of rotation and a gravity-flap mounted on its flat rear surface. These rectangular “box” vanes connect to the central vertical axis around which they all rotate. The gravity-flap may be made of any lightweight material, such as an aluminum sheet or reinforced fabric stretched over a light frame. The flap is preferably hinged at the top so as to quickly and easily swivel up and down inside the box. The rear surface of each rectangular vane is left open so that wind may flow through when the flap is open.

In operation, wind will flow and be very effectively captured by the rectangular box vanes of this invention when open to the direction of the wind. The flap in the rear of each vane is slightly larger than the rear opening. That flap will be forced closed over the rear opening preventing wind from flowing through. Thus, the force of the wind will move the vane, producing torque in the vertical axis. When a vane has rotated so that it is no longer open to the wind, it will begin to experience both drag resistance from ambient air and wind forces on the rear of the box vane when moving upwind. At those periods in the rotation, the force of the wind or resisting air will cause the flap to open and allow ambient air (or wind) to pass through, decreasing greatly the resistance from these sources and improving the efficiency of the turbine.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a wind turbine which can: (a) capture wind energy more effectively and efficiently (as defined above) than other vertical- or horizontal-axis wind turbines; and (b) convert that energy into rotational energy for running an electrical generator. The turbine is simple in design, durable even in extreme wind speeds, with almost no moving parts and therefore, cost-effective to build and maintain. In addition, the wind turbine of this invention is self-starting. It will accommodate winds omni-directionally from a full 360 degrees without the need for stator blades, stationary or rotating housings to funnel wind, or any other mechanism for favorably orienting the turbine toward the wind.

A further significant object of the present invention provides a wind turbine which is as safe as possible to its operating personnel, property, birds and wildlife. This is accomplished by embodiments in which the rotor vanes do not exceed a tip speed ratio of one-to-one for safer operating speeds and greater visibility (i.e., no “motion smear” from fast-moving blades). While the present invention has a more compact design than ERDA-NASA turbines, its vanes are relatively larger and thus more visible. The preferred embodiments will use light-weight materials with blunt edges and rounded surfaces to better cushion potential impacts, and one should further note the absence of sharp, fast-moving blades, thin cables, or other parts which otherwise pose safety hazards. It is even feasible to spray coat the surfaces with a rubberized foam material to lessen damage from any contact with moving vanes.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a wind turbine which is “stackable.” Multiple units may be placed vertically above one another in a suitable framework to increase the amount, and effectiveness, of wind energy capture by harnessing more wind flow at higher elevations. The present invention provides a turbine design that is fully “scalable”: from very large units suitable for the commercial production of electrical power; to moderate-sized units for use in rural dwellings, recreational settings and marine applications; to very small folding, portable units suitable for extended duration backpacking or mountain climbing uses. Also, the present invention will provide a wind turbine readily adaptable to running a water pump instead of an electrical generator. With its safe, compact design, the present invention is suitable for operating on the tops of tall buildings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a front view, ground level schematic showing three of four wind catchment vanes according to one preferred embodiment of this invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective schematic showing the four vanes and support structure from FIG. 1, along with the direction of wind flow against same;

FIG. 3A is a top view schematic of the device in FIG. 2, the dotted lines below each vane indicating the cross-shaped support located therebeneath;

FIG. 3B is a top view schematic of the cross-shaped support and central rotating vertical axis with the four vanes removed;

FIG. 4 is a front view, ground level schematic showing a first alternative embodiment in which the vanes (only three are shown) connect to a cross-shaped support above;

FIG. 5 is a front view, ground level schematic showing a second alternative embodiment having vanes that are more funnel-shaped and taper from an open front to a smaller rear face for allowing possible wind flow through the center and between opposing vanes;

FIG. 6 is a perspective schematic showing just the four vanes, support arms and central disk to the FIG. 5 device;

FIG. 7 is a top view schematic from above the device in FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a front view, ground level schematic showing a third alternative embodiment in which the vanes are secured to a larger disk with additional supporting struts;

FIG. 9 is a front view, ground level schematic showing a fourth alternative embodiment in which the vanes (only three shown) connect to a circular disk, the central hub of which is securely fastened to an elongated vertical shaft partially enclosed at its base in a freely rotating housing, said shaft connected to an electrical generator or water pump;

FIG. 10A is a rear view schematic showing one embodiment of vane with a rod-weight mechanism hanging down;

FIG. 10B shows an enlarged side view schematic of the rod-weight mechanism of FIG. 10A with a wedge device at the top;

FIG. 10C shows a further enlarged, top view schematic of a wedge shape atop a rod-weight mechanism;

FIG. 11A is a perspective schematic of one embodiment of vane made mostly from lightweight but heavy gauge “windbreaker” material;

FIG. 11B is a top view schematic of the FIG. 11A vane collapsed onto itself for compact storage when not in use;

FIG. 11C is a top view schematic of the central vane support wheel for one embodiment of the invention, made from aluminum with supporting struts and having locking ferrules into which vane prongs may be inserted;

FIG. 11D is a top view schematic of a support rod made from an aluminum tube with expandable locking sections and tapered bottom end shown collapsed for easier stowing;

FIG. 12 is a front view, ground level schematic showing four large units similar to those shown in FIGS. 4 or 9 stacked vertically in a supporting framework;

FIG. 13A, B, C, D and E are side cutaway views schematically depicting alternative box vane shapes and the potentially different wind flow patterns into and about same; and

FIG. 14A, B and C are side cutaway views schematically depicting alternative box vane depths and the potentially different wind flow patterns into and about each depth.

DETAILED DESCRIPT10N OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a front view, ground level schematic with three of four wind catchment vanes 2. The fourth vane would be obscured in this view and would be otherwise located behind the vane depicted in the middle of FIG. 1. At the rear of each box-shaped vane is a gravity-flap 3. The middle vane exhibits its gravity-flap as a dotted line, partially open 4. Each vane is connected at the bottom to a cross-shaped support base 5. That, in turn, connects to an electrical generator 6 set in a steady immovable base 7. A cap 8 covers the cubical space in the center of the four vanes of this embodiment attached to the upper inside corner of each vane.

In this embodiment, the front side of each vane 2 is open. The rectangular rear surface of the box-like vane is almost completely open except for a narrow flap support rim. Each vane rear opening is covered by a flap, slightly larger than the opening and normally held down by gravity. Whatever the wind direction, wind force will enter a vane presenting its larger open side upwind keeping the gravity-flap 3 closed for that vane. The box-like shape of each vane will funnel wind forces towards that gravity-flap and prevent lateral escape of the wind. This will transfer wind force into rotational movement of the rotor on which the vanes are mounted. However, for the other three vanes which are not presenting their open sides upwind, there will be air resistance (drag) or wind forces from the wind acting on the rear closed surfaces of each. This will cause the gravity-flaps to open, permitting air or wind to flow through the openings, as is somewhat indicated by the dotted line 4 in middle vane. The cross-shaped support base 5 is constructed of suitable material, strength and attachment design to support the vanes adequately even in extreme winds. Each vane is constructed of sufficiently reinforced materials to withstand such conditions. The support base 5 rotates freely about its vertical axis of rotation. The support base 5 connects to the shaft of an electrical generator 6 set in a steady, immovable base 7.

FIG. 2 is a perspective schematic that shows in three dimensions four vanes 2 on support structure 5. An arrow indicates the direction of wind flow against a closed gravity-flap 4 and through openings created by partially raised gravity-flaps 9. The sides to the vane funnel the wind and prevent it from easily escaping laterally. This allows the closed gravity-flap 3 and vane structure to absorb wind energy which then transforms into rotational motion. Air and wind resistance on the rear surfaces of the other three vanes raise gravity-flaps 9 and permit air flow through the rear openings in the vanes. This decreases drag or air/wind resistance on the rear surfaces of these vanes, thus increasing efficiency.

FIG. 3A is a schematic view from above a device having four vanes 2 disposed symmetrically about central rotating, vertical axis 10. FIG. 3B shows the cross-shaped support structure 15 on which the four vanes depend. The placement of that support is indicated in FIG. 3A by dotted lines below each vane 2. The cap is removed in this view to reveal a cubical space 11 created by joining the inside corners of each vane. While the drawing exhibits four opposed vanes, there could be alternative embodiments with three or five vanes with relevant adjustments in support structures. Further research with otherwise identical prototypes is necessary to determine if there are any gains in effectiveness and efficiency as discussed above.

FIG. 4 is a front view, ground level schematic showing a first alternative embodiment in which the vanes 12 (only three shown) are connected to a cross-shaped support 25 above, the central hub H of which securely fastens to an elongated vertical shaft 30. Additional attachments with supporting struts 40 are shown at the top of assembly A and at the bottom of cubicle space 21 inside the four vanes. The vertical shaft is partially enclosed at its base in a housing 55 which it rotates freely. That shaft 30 continues through the base to turn an electrical generator or water pump 60. This embodiment may be more suitable for large units in commercial wind farm installations. Also see the discussion of FIG. 12 below.

FIG. 5 is a front view, ground level schematic showing a second alternative embodiment. Therein, three of the four wind catchment vanes 22 shown are more funnel-shaped, tapering from the open front F to the smaller rear face R. Also, wind flow is possible through the center of the apparatus between opposing vanes. At the narrower rear of each rectangular shaped vane is a gravity-flap 33. The middle vane exhibits the gravity-flap as a partially open dotted line 34. Each vane is connected by a supporting arm 41 to a round disk structure 35 that connects to a secured electrical generator 36 set in a steady, immovable base 37. The round disk structure 35 rotates freely about its vertical axis of rotation. Also depicted are support struts 43 attached to the tops of and crossing diagonally between opposed vanes.

FIG. 6 is a perspective schematic of a portion of FIG. 5 showing just the four vanes 22 and support arms 41 attached to a central disk 35. An arrow indicates the direction of wind flow against closed gravity-flap 33 and through openings created by raised gravity-flaps 39. The tapered sides of the vane funnel the wind and prevent it from easily escaping laterally. This allows the closed gravity-flap and vane structure to absorb wind energy for transmission to the rotating disk. Air and wind resistance on the rear surfaces of the other three vanes raise their gravity-flaps 39 and permit air flow through the rear openings in the vanes. This decreases drag or air/wind resistance on the rear surfaces of the vanes, thus increasing efficiency.

FIG. 7 is a top view schematic from above the device in FIG. 6. This view shows how four vanes 22 are disposed symmetrically about central rotating disk 35. Crossing diagonally between opposed vanes are two support struts 43. While the preferred embodiment exhibits four opposed vanes, there is no reason that there could not be alternative embodiments with three or five vanes.

FIG. 8 is a front view, ground level schematic showing a third alternative embodiment in which four vanes 62 are secured to a larger circular disk 65 with additional supporting struts 53. That disk 65 attaches to a securely anchored, electrical generator 66. Depending on prevailing wind speed conditions and size of the apparatus, this embodiment may provide more stable rotation with stronger attachments between the vanes and the rotor than the FIG. 5 embodiment. Each vane 62 in FIG. 8 has its own gravity-flap 63 held onto the rear of each vane with a plurality of spaced apart hinges 60.

FIG. 9 is a front view, ground level schematic of a fourth alternative embodiment wind turbine in which four vanes 72 (only three shown) connect to a top circular disk 75, the central hub of which securely fastens to an elongated vertical shaft 70. That shaft is partially enclosed at its base in a housing 79 in which it rotates freely, perhaps with ball or roller bearing units. The shaft continues through the base to turn an electrical generator or water pump 76. The hub H of disk 75 has angled supports to provide additional attachment strength and stability. There are also support struts 73 from the top of the vertical shaft 70 to disk 75. The housing 79 is sufficiently reinforced to support the superstructure even in extreme wind conditions. In addition, all seals for this embodiment should be covered and weatherproof. There are also additional support flanges 80 to attach the rotor vanes to the disk. This embodiment may be more suitable for large units in commercial wind farm installations. Also see the discussion of FIG. 12 below.

FIG. 10A is a rear view schematic showing one embodiment of vane 92 with a rod-weight mechanism hanging down. FIG. 10B shows an enlarged, side view schematic of a rod-weight mechanism M with the wedge device W at its top. FIG. 10C shows a further enlarged, top view schematic illustrating the wedge W atop rod-weight mechanism M.

Much attention has been paid in the art to overspeed control mechanisms to prevent damaging the turbine when subjected to excessively high winds. FIGS. 10A-C depict one alternative for such a device. The centrifugal force created by sufficiently high rotation speeds drives the weighted mechanism radially outward. This causes the wedge-shaped end W of the mechanism to force the gravity-flap vanes open and spill wind therethrough, thus reducing rotational speed. Other devices already known in the art could be adapted to this task as well. However, the conception of the present invention is that it will be constructed of durable materials sufficient to withstand any wind speeds of reasonable duration likely to be encountered at a given location. Since the design of the present invention exhibits a very high capacity for extracting wind force, it need not be of such a large size compared to existing ERDA-NASA wind generators. Using lightweight and reinforced materials in a smaller design will greatly reduce stresses within the system and make possible the production of units able to withstand extreme wind forces. This should not seriously compromise the capability of the design to make effective use of low wind speeds. Of course, durability and the resultant added weight will be a tradeoff with effectiveness of wind energy capture at low speeds. Only wind tunnel, or on-site, testing of prototypes may ultimately determine whether it is more cost-effective to take this approach or introduce overspeed controls, such as this one, into the system.

FIG. 11A is a perspective schematic of one embodiment of vane, generally 101, intentionally manufactured to be small, folding or collapsible and portable. It would be made mostly from lightweight (but heavy gauge) “windbreaker” material or fabric about a U-shaped rod 102, preferably made from fiberglass or aluminum. The latter would be pinned to a swivel 103 at each end, then pushed down and held in place with a small Velcro strap 104. The open face O of vane 101 has fabric secured about a rigid aluminum rod 105 ending in two prongs 106. The rear of the vane is a rectangular opening (not seen) covered by a flap 107 of the same fabric, stitched across the top to vane body 108 and secured about another aluminum or fiberglass rod at flap bottom 109 so that it is free to swing open and closed.

FIG. 11B is a top view schematic from over a collapsed, folded vane showing it as suitable for compact storage when not in use. FIG. 11C is the central vane support wheel 112 for the apparatus, made of aluminum with supporting struts, and having four positive locking ferrules 115 into which vane prongs like item 106 above may be inserted. The hub bottom 120 of support wheel 112 is a threaded cap which can be screwed clockwise into the top of a support rod 125 shown in a top view schematic at FIG. 11D. Preferably, hub bottom 120 has a rotating center fixed to the struts of the support wheel. It engages to a vertical axis shaft in the top of support rod 125. Support rod 125 of FIG. 11D is an aluminum tube with three expandable locking sections and a tapered bottom end (shown as collapsed for easier stowing). The top of support rod 125 contains an electric generator (not seen) which can turn when the vane support wheel 112 rotates. At the top two uppermost sections of support rod 125 include a plurality of eyelets 130. These eyelets would secure guy ropes to hold the assembled system down and in place. Inside the support rod are rechargeable batteries, recharged by the generator and powering a standard 12V plug 133. When facing high wind conditions, extra cables 140 may be clipped from the outside of vane 101 at an angle to the rim of the vane support wheel to give additional strength and stability to the entire assembly.

Backpacking or mountain climbing expeditions can make use of hand-crank generators to provide limited electrical power. However, a lightweight portable wind turbine of the present invention's design may provide a more abundant and steady supply of electricity, especially in the windy conditions of higher elevations. Besides supplying lighting and communications power, there may even be enough electrical power from one unit to allow cooking and using small electric heating devices, thus eliminating lugging along heavy cooking or heating fuel and the inconvenience of using human power to turn a generator crank.

FIG. 12 is a front view, ground level schematic showing four large units like those shown and described above for FIGS. 4 or 9 stacked vertically within a supporting framework 201. Only two of four vanes 202 for each unit are shown in FIG. 12. Depending on the installation, any practicable number of units could be stacked in this manner. The vertical shafts of the units interlock at top and bottom 203 to form in effect one continuous rotating shaft. Stacking units in this way permits taking advantage of greater wind velocities at greater heights and also multiplies by many times the total amount of wind energy extracted. This accumulation of greater rotational energy allows for the use of larger electric generators or water pumps at base 204, and makes this embodiment suitable for commercial wind farm installations. In addition, the framework could be covered with a soft plastic mesh, with a very open weave so as not to restrict wind flow, to prevent wildlife from entering the wind turbines.

FIGS. 13A, B, C, D and E are side cutaway views schematically depicting alternative box vane shapes and the potentially different wind flow patterns through each. In FIG. 13A, there is shown in partial cross-section, a standard rectangular box shape RB. FIG. 13B shows a larger open front OF face tapering to a smaller rear surface. FIG. 13C is the reverse of FIG. 13B with a smaller front face SF than rear face. FIGS. 13D and E show alternatives of concavely CV or convexly CX curved surfaces, respectively, which could be in combination with any of the three other box shapes, FIGS. 13A 13B or 13C. The issue is which shapes most efficiently extract wind energy. As shown in these drawings, wind flow will be into a given box, laterally across the rear closed flap and then back out and past the edge of the box vane. A tapered shape such as FIG. 13B may permit less turbulence while within the box, facilitating a smoother flow of wind in and out of the box with less interference between exiting and entering air flows. On the other hand, increased turbulence inside the box might allow for the better deposit of wind energy into the vane surfaces, a factor offsetting any losses from entering/exiting air flow interference. In that case, a shape such as FIG. 13C might be better creating greater internal box turbulence. FIGS. 13D and E entertain the possibility that curved side surfaces may promote or dampen turbulence and interference effects and, through more aerodynamic shaping of wind flow, possibly provide an optimal design for wind energy extraction.

FIGS. 14A, B and C are side cutaway views schematically depicting alternative depths of box vanes and the potentially different wind flow patterns for same. Clearly, a very shallow box SB, such as FIG. 14A, will not prevent much lateral wind flow and lose significant amounts of energy. A very deep box DB such as FIG. 14C, however, will create greater internal turbulence and entering/exiting interference, which could also negatively impact on energy extraction efficiency. FIG. 14B represents the “happy medium,” with the ideal box depth HM to be determined with the experimental testing of prototypes.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention include a plurality, preferably three or more, roughly rectangularly box-shaped vanes disposed symmetrically about a vertical axis. These vanes each connect to a common support means. They may also connect, directly or indirectly to each other. The support means are attached by connecting means to a short or elongated shaft that rotates about its vertical axis and supplies power to turn a generator or water pump. The rotation of the vanes is caused by wind force. Each vane has an open front and rear face in vertical planes disposed approximately radially from the vertical axis. The rear openings of the vanes are covered by rigid lightweight flaps hinged at the top and mounted on the box vane interiors or insides. These flaps are slightly larger than the rear openings they adjoin and are normally held down by gravity, hence are called “gravity-flaps.” Whatever the wind direction, wind force will enter a vane presenting its open side upwind and keep closed the gravity-flap for that vane. The box-like shape of each vane will then funnel wind forces towards the gravity-flap preventing the wind from laterally escaping. This will transfer wind forces into a rotational movement of the entire vertical axis/rotor. For the other three vanes which are not presenting their open sides upwind, however, there will be an air resistance (or “drag”) of wind forces from the wind acting on the closed rear surfaces of each vane. That will cause the gravity-flaps to open, permitting air or wind to eventually flow through.

Each vane is preferably connected by suitable supporting material, the ultimate strength and attachment design of which will support the vanes adequately even under extreme wind conditions and long-term exposure to differing weather. Each vane and gravity-flap is constructed of sufficiently reinforced materials to also withstand these same weather condition variations.

It is not currently known what shape of box vane, as illustrated in FIG. 13A-E and/or what box vane depth, as illustrated in FIG. 14A-C, will most efficiently capture wind energy and convert same it to rotational energy in the rotor. These may be variable depending on average ambient wind speeds and amount of turbulence for a given location. It is also not currently known whether a device with three, four, or five box vanes may yield higher efficiencies, again perhaps depending on the variables of average wind speed and degree of turbulence. One may also have to give due consideration to having an open or closed center region, i.e., between the inside faces of adjoining vanes. This is seen in the different drawings, with FIG. 1 having a closed design and FIG. 5 a more open, flow through design. The utilization of gravity-flaps in all such designs may significantly impact turbulence and air flow patterns within the rotor. Thus, it may not be possible at this time to adequately predict, in theory, the most efficient design for a variety of conditions. Only through testing of experimental prototypes can such assessments be determined. The preferred embodiments will be ones which utilize the optimally efficient shape, depth, number of vanes, and open or closed center areas for differing applications and locations.

While all preferred embodiments will make use of strong, lightweight materials of sufficient strength, durability, and reinforcement to withstand extreme wind speeds and weather conditions, one embodiment in particular will emphasize lightness of the overall assembly. This embodiment is illustrated by example in FIG. 11. There, the number of vanes, their overall shape and depth, and whether the design includes an open or closed center may need to be optimized. Regardless, using a light but strong, wind resistant fabric and light skeletal framework for all components is essential, especially as pertaining to a vane device whose box components are intentionally designed to collapse into flat, easily packed and storable forms when not in use.

One major disadvantage of all known solar and wind electric generation systems is their dependence on a variable source of energy that does not often coincide with peak electricity demands. Energy storage systems are well-known in the art, however. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,023,105 and 4,380,419 use wind turbines to drive water pumps rather than electric generators per se. The water from these systems can be pumped to a higher reservoir and then used to run hydroelectric generators via well understood technology. This allows control of the electric generation process to produce electricity when needed.

The present invention is readily adapted to run water pumps instead of electric generators. Indeed, water pumps are much less expensive to manufacture, maintain and replace than electric generators (a cost differential likely to increase substantially if copper prices continue to soar), and it makes a good deal of sense to employ a system that minimizes the number of electric generators. A stacked turbine (as seen in FIG. 12) wind farm utilizing the present invention could be installed along a sea coast and make use of seawater as the pumped fluid instead of fresh water. In one instance, the lower reservoir could consist of artificial tidal pools, thus harnessing tidal energy in the first phase of electric generation. The same concept could be applied to wind generators on the tops of tall buildings, permitting energy storage in water tanks at the top of a building before utilizing a mini-hydroelectric plant at ground level when demand for electricity gets high.

The present invention is a safe, compact design that makes it highly suitable for transportation to and installation on many building rooftops. In addition, there is no reason why the electricity produced by such systems could not be diverted (wholly or partially) to other uses/needs. In the case of coastal seawater installations, some or all of the electricity could be used to run a desalinization plant. The resultant fresh water could have wind turbine pumping stations along a pipeline to carry it to areas of greater need. For tall building systems, the pumped and stored water could be used to supply the fresh water needs of that building and additional water electrically heated for the same building's hot water needs. The additional technologies involved, essentially water pump, water tank storage, and hydroelectric technologies are simple, well-known and cost-effective.

An alternative system for energy storage would be to use the wind turbines described herein to mechanically raise heavy weights or materials of any kind from lower to higher elevations instead of using water pumps to pump water from a lower to a higher reservoir. This alternative system could occur in many embodiments, such as raising weights along a vertical shaft or “cable car” where heavy, loaded carts can be raised along an inclined track. When the demand for electricity arises, the heavy weights may be slowly lowered to power an electric generator. Such systems might be employed in locales where water sources or naturally occurring higher elevations are scarce or unavailable. For example, in a sandy desert, artificial inclined dunes might be constructed with tracks and a cable laid from top to bottom. Containers, such as railcars filled with sand could then be hoisted up these tracks by wind power and the cables used to run generators when the containers are lowered down same. This same invention can easily be used to convert rotational energy to the geared and controlled power transmission for mechanically raising weights from lower to higher elevations.

EXAMPLES

Prototype models were tested at three ambient wind velocities produced by a fan in closed conditions. The models tested had either three flat square vanes or four flat square vanes with gravity flaps, symmetrically disposed, as the basic configurations. For several runs, sides were attached to the flat vanes to create relatively shallow boxes in front of each vane with two different depths, either one-third the length of the side of each vane or one-half the length of the side of each vane. In addition, tests were run with the center of the rotor either open or closed to either permit or prevent, respectively, crossing fluid flow through the center of the rotor. Conditions were carefully controlled to ensure that the only variables were the number of vanes, the depth of the boxes (from 0 for a flat vane to ½ the vane side), and open or closed centers. Results are tabulated below:

1. Three-Vane Configurations with Gravity Flaps

a. Flat vane (no box), open rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 24.3 medium 44.8 high 57.7

b. Flat vane (no box), closed rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 30.1 medium 47.6 high 54.1

c. Sides with depth of ⅓ vane side, open rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 28.3 medium 48.0 high 61.9

d. Sides with depth of ⅓ vane side, closed rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 31.3 medium 51.3 high 61.9

e. Sides with depth of ½ vane side, open rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 28.4 medium 55.6 high 72.3

f Sides with depth of ½ vane side, closed rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 31.9 medium 54.1 high 69.0 2. Four-Vane Configurations with Gravity Flaps

a. Flat vane (no box), open rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 25.5 medium 47.6 high 60.6

b. Flat vane (no box), closed rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 25.4 medium 44.4 high 54.1

c. Sides with depth of ⅓ vane side, open rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 31.7 medium 54.1 high 70.1

d. Sides with depth of ⅓ vane side, closed rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 27.1 medium 51.3 high 61.9

e. Sides with depth of ½ vane side, open rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 34.5 medium 56.6 high 71.4

f Sides with depth of ½ vane side, closed rotor center

wind velocity RPM low 27.3 medium 53.1 high 66.0

The data reveals that significantly better performance could be achieved by box vanes over their flat vane counterparts. Compare 1. a., c., and e. where the only change is from a flat vane (1. a.) to a shallow box of ⅓ the vane side (1. c.), to a slightly deeper box of ½ the vane side (1. e.), all three having open rotor centers. At low wind velocity, the boxes produce at least 16% higher RPMs. At high wind velocity, the box vanes produce as much as 25% higher RPMs. In all trials, there is a smooth correlation for comparable configurations (i.e., all 3 vanes or all 4 vanes/all open center or all closed centers) where the only variable is the flat vane as opposed to box vanes: the deeper the box, the higher the RPM's. Further testing must be done to determine what box depth may be the optimal limit, but these tests are sufficient to provide good evidence that a box vane design is superior to a flat vane design for the more effective capture of wind energy.

As far as other variables are concerned, matters are far less generalizable. Contrary to preferences asserted in the two cited patents for flat-vane turbines, having a closed rotor center does seem to improve performance at low wind velocities (though it decreases at high wind velocities) for some three-vane configurations. However, for four-vane arrangements, a closed rotor center seems to uniformly decrease performance. The data are quite inconsistent, however, with respect to three versus four vanes with marginal increases or decreases or even identical results at different configurations and wind velocities. Since the differences are marginal at best, cost factors alone may favor using three vanes. A closed center might permit better structural strength and compactness making it worth the loss of some wind energy (but offset by using a less heavy structure). Moreover, the test prototypes and apparatus were designed to permit a fair comparison of different vane configurations, chiefly flat vs. box, rather than seeking the optimal arrangement. Further testing with alternative prototypes might demonstrate that higher numbers of vanes or closed centers are preferable for some designs.

The foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from such discussion, and from the accompanying drawings and claims, that various changes, modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1. A vertical axis wind turbine comprising: (a) a turbine rotor with a rotatable vertical shaft and at least three rotor vanes disposed for rotation about the vertical shaft, each rotor vane being substantially box-shaped with four solid sides and a front and rear side disposed in a radial vertical plane, the front side being substantially open faced and the rear side having an opening covered by a flap that can be moved with a directional passage of wind through the rotor vane; and (b) means for attaching each rotor vane to the vertical shaft so that the front side of each vane lies in the same rotational direction around the vertical shaft.
 2. The wind turbine of claim 1 wherein said vertical shaft connects to an electric generator.
 3. The wind turbine of claim 1 wherein said vertical shaft connects to a water pump.
 4. The wind turbine of claim 1 wherein said vertical shaft includes three to five rotor vanes.
 5. The wind turbine of claim 4 wherein said vertical shaft includes four rotor vanes.
 6. The wind turbine of claim 1 wherein the rear side of each rotor vane includes a narrow rim along at least three of its sides.
 7. The wind turbine of claim 6 wherein the flap is slightly larger than the opening in the rear side of each rotor vane.
 8. The wind turbine of claim 6 wherein the flap is mounted to the top of the rear side of each rotor vane with a plurality of spaced hinges.
 9. The wind turbine of claim 1 wherein each rotor vane is constructed of a durable lightweight material.
 10. The wind turbine of claim 1 wherein said wherein the rotor vanes are interconnected so as to eliminate wind flow between opposing rotor vanes.
 11. A vertical axis wind turbine for generating power comprising: (a) a turbine rotor with a rotatable vertical shaft and three to five rotor vanes disposed symmetrically for rotation about the vertical shaft, each rotor vane being made from a durable lightweight material and being substantially box-shaped with four solid sides and a front and rear side disposed in a radial vertical plane, the front side being substantially open faced and the rear side having an opening covered by a substantially rigid flap that can be moved with a directional passage of wind through the rotor vane; and (b) means for attaching each rotor vane to the vertical shaft so that the front side of each vane lies in the same clockwise or counter-clockwise direction around the vertical shaft.
 12. The power generating wind turbine of claim 11 wherein said vertical shaft includes four equidistant rotor vanes.
 13. The power generating wind turbine of claim 11 wherein the rear side of each rotor vane includes a rim along at least three of its sides.
 14. The power generating wind turbine of claim 11 wherein the flap is gravity mounted to a top edge of the rear side with a plurality of spaced hinges.
 15. The power generating wind turbine of claim 11 wherein the flap is made from the same durable lightweight material as the rotor vane.
 16. The power generating wind turbine of claim 11 wherein the durable lightweight material is a weatherproof and windproof fabric.
 17. The power generating wind turbine of claim 11 wherein each rotor vane includes a collapsible inner frame.
 18. The power generating wind turbine of claim 17 wherein the collapsible inner frame includes a plurality of aluminum or fiberglass rods.
 19. The power generating wind turbine of claim 11 which further includes a plurality of support connectors between adjacent and/or opposing rotor vanes.
 20. The power generating wind turbine of claim 11 which includes a plurality of vertically stacked layers of rotor vanes each layer rotatably connected to an elongated vertical shaft. 